C−H Activation in Pyridoxal-5′-phosphate and Pyridoxamine-5'-Phosphate Schiff Bases: Effect of metal chelation. A Computational Study

Abstract

[eng] This study reports the carbon acidities of Cα and C4′ atoms in the Schiff bases of pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP) and pyridoxamine-5′-phosphate (PMP) complexed with several biologically available metal ions (Mg2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Al3+, and Fe3+). Density functional theory calculations were carried out to determine the free energies of proton exchange reactions of a set of 18 carbon acids and a Schiff base used as a reference species. The experimental pKa values of such carbon acids were used to calibrate the computed free energies in a range of 30 pKa units. Eventually, the pKas of the chelates were obtained by calculating the corresponding free energies against the same reference species and by considering the previous calibration. The carbon acidity of Cα in the chelates of Mg2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, and Cu2+ varies between pKa ∼22 and pKa ∼13 whereas the pKa values of C4′ range between ∼18 and ∼7. Chelation of trivalent metals Al3+ and Fe3+ causes further decrease of the pKa values of Cα and C4′ down to ∼10 and ∼5, respectively. The results highlight the efficiency of the combined action of Schiff base formation and metal chelation to activate the Cα carbon of amino acids (pKa ∼29 for zwitterionic alanine). Our results explain that the experimental increase of transamination rates by Zn2+ chelation is due to stabilization of the reactive Schiff base species with respect to the free ligand under physiological pH conditions. However, the increase in reactivity for transamination due to Cu2+ and Al3+ chelation is mostly due to C−H ligand activation. Each metal ion activates the Cα and C4′ carbon atoms to a different extent, which can be exploited to favor specific reactions on the amino acids in aqueous solution. Metal chelation hinders both intramolecular and intermolecular proton-transfer reactions of the imino, phenol, and carboxylate groups. This is the only apparent inconvenience of metal complexes in enzymatic reactions, which, in turn, proposes their consideration for enzyme inhibition.